direct and indirect speech

Direct And Indirect Speech Direct speech adalah kutipan asli suatu pembicaraan tanpa adanya suatu perubahan. Sedangkan indirect speech adalah bentuk kalimat laporan yang berguna untuk menceritakan kembali pembicaraan/pendapat seseorang yang mana mengalami modifikasi tertentu. Dibawah ini akan diberikan kepada anda materi direct-indirect speech secara lengkap. 1. Direct Speech Cara penulisan direct speech selalu diapit oleh tanda kutip,kalimat selalu di awali huruf capital. Tanda titik dua atau koma diletakkan sebelum direct speech bilamana kata penghubung/pelapor (reporting vern)-nya berada dimuka,dan tanda koma harus diletakkan setelah direct speech bilamana kata penghubung diletakkan setelah atau diantara direct speechnya. Tanda baca seperti tanda seru ,tanda Tanya yang menunjukkan jenis kalimat direct tidak mengalami perubahan. 2. Indirect Speech Ada dua jenis indirect speech : A. Imperative (request) Yang dilaporkan adalah suatu perintah. Karena kalimat perintah biasanya tidak mengenal subject,maka verb dalam direct imperative tidak mengalami perubahan. Verb dalam indirect menjadi ‘to invinitive’. Contoh 1 : Direct : He said to his servant,”Go away at once”. Indirect : He ordered his servant to go away at once. Contoh 2 : Direct : “Watch TV”. Indirect : He told me to watch TV. B. Declarative 1. Bila terdapat tenses maka penjabarannya sebagai berikut : • Simple present tense menjadi simple past tense Jika direct speech menggunakan simple present tense,maka indirect speech menggunakan simple past tense. Contoh : Direct : Sarah said “I buy my dictionary at the book store”. Indirect : Sarah said that she bought her dictionary at the book store. • Present continuous tense menjadi past continuous tense Jika direct speech menggunakan present continuous tense maka indirect speech menggunakan past continuous tense. Contoh : Direct : She said “I’m doing my English homework”. Indirect : She said that she was doing her English homework. • Present perfect tense menjadi past perfect tense Jika direct speech menggunakan present perfect tense maka indirect speech menggunakan past perfect tense. Contoh : Direct : John said”I have finished doing my reports”. Indirect : John said that he had finished doing his reports. • Present perfect continuous tense menjadi past perfect continuous tense Jika direct speech menggunakan present continuous tense maka indirect speech menggunakan past perfect continuous tense. Contoh : Direct : He said “We have been living here for three years”. Indirect : He said that they had been living there for three years. • Simple past tense menjadi past perfect tense Jika direct speech menggunakan simple past tense maka indirect speech menggunakan past perfect tense. Contoh : Direct : He said “I went to school yesterday”. Indirect : He said that he had gone to school the day before. • Future tense menjadi past future tense Jika direct speech menggunakan simple future tense maka indirect speech menggunakan past future tense. Contoh : Direct : Lisa said “We will leave for Singapore”. Indirect : Lisa said that they would leave for Singapore. • Past continuous tense menjadi past perfect continuous tense Jika direct speech menggunakan past continuous tense maka indirect speech menggunakan padt perfect continuous tense. Contoh : Direct : He said “I was reading an English novels”. Indirect : He said that he had been reading English novels. Kalimat pernyataan (statement) pada kalimat tidak langsung (indirect) Perubahan direct menjadi indirect pada statement ditandai dengan ‘that’. Kalimat langsung yang reporting sentence-nya memiliki verb dalam bentuk present tense (simple present, present continuous, and present perfect atau future tense) maka tidak ada perubahan tenses pada reported sentence dalam bentuk tidak langsung (indirect). Ini biasanya terjadi apabila: 1. Melaporkan suatu percakapan yang masih berlangsung 2. Membaca surat dan melaporkan apa isi surat tersebut 3. Membaca perintah dan langsung melaporkannya pada waktu tersebut 4. Melaporkan pernyataan yang sering muncul Contoh: Direct • John (phoning from the station), “I’m trying to get a taxi.” • Siska says,” The sun rises every morning.” Indirect • John says that he is trying to get a taxi. • Siska says that the sun rises every morning.

kalimat aktif & kalimat pasif

KALIMAT AKTIF DAN PASIF (ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE) Bahasa Inggris memiliki dua bentuk kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu pikiran. Kedua bentuk kalimat tersebut adalah kalimat aktif dan kalimat pasif. Dalam kalimat aktif subject melakukan pekerjaan, atau melakukan suatu perbuatan. Dengan ciri khas bahwa kata kerja yang digunakan berawalan “me-“. Sedangkan di dalam kalimat pasif , subject dalam kalimat tersebut tidak melakukan pekerjaan/perbuatan, melainkan dikenai pekerjaan/perbuatan. Dengan ciri khas bahwa kata kerja yang digunakan dalam kalimat tersebut berawalan “di-“. Kata kerja yang digunakan dalam kalimat pasif bahasa Inggris adalah: be + Verb 3 (Past Participle) “Be” itu sendiri dibuat sesuai dengan tense yang digunakan dalam kalimat itu dan disuikan dengan subject kalimat tersebut. Kalimat aktif diubah menjadi kalimat pasif dengan menjadikan “object” kalimat aktif itu sebagai “Subject” kalimat pasif tersebut. Berdasarkan hal itu jelaslah bahwa hanya kalimat yang memiliki “object” yang dapat diubah menjadi pasif. Contoh: Yanto slapped the boy on his face. S P O Kalimat tersebut dapat diubah menjadi: The boy was slapped on his face. S P Object pelaku kalimat pasif yang dalam bahasa inggris dinyatakan dengan kata “by …” jarang diucapkan, karena kalimat pasif cenderung untuk hanya mengemukakan aktifitas . object pelaku diucapkan/ditilis hanya bila memang diperlukan, sebagai kelengkapan arti kalimat pasif bersangkutan. Contoh : The queen invited us to dinner. Kalimat ini akan menjadi: We were invited to dinner by the queen. Bila pada sebuah kalimat aktif terdapat dua object , maka subject kalimat pasifnya dapat dipilih dari kedua object tersebut. Namun biasanya dalam bahasa inggris object manusia yang digunakan/dipilih sebagai subject kalimat pasif. Contoh: Aktif : I shall give her a new pen. Pasif : 1. She will be given a new pen. 2. A new pen will be give POLA KALIMAT PASIF 1. Simple Present Tense Aktif S + V1 + O Pasif S + is/am/are + V3 + …. Contoh : A : He writes the letter carefully. P : The letter is written carefully. A : He writes the letters carefully. P : The letters are written carefully. 2. Simple Past Tense Aktif S + V2 + O Pasif S + was/were + V3 + …. Contoh : A : He wrote the letter carefully. P : The letter was written carefully. A : He wrote the letters carefully. P : The letters were written carefully. 3. Present Continuous Tense Aktif S + is/am/are + V-ing + O Pasif S + is/am/are + being + V3 + … Contoh : A : He is writing the letter carefully. P : The letter is being written carefully. A : He is writing the letters carefully. P : The letters are being written carefully. 4. Past Continuous Tense Aktif S + was/were + V-ing + O Pasif S + was/were + being + V3 + … Contoh : A : He was writing the letter carefully. P : The letter was being written carefully. A: He was writing the letter carefully P: The letter Were being written carefully 5. Present Perfect Tense Aktif S + has/have + V3 + O Pasif S + has/have + been + V3 + … Contoh : A : He has written the letter carefully. P : The letter has been written carefully. A : He has written the letters carefully. P : The letters have been written carefully. 6. Past Perfect Tense Aktif S + had + V3 + O Pasif S + had + been + V3 + … Contoh : A : He had written the letter carefully. P : The letter had been written carefully. A : He had written the letters carefully. P : The letters had been written carefully. 7. Present Perfect Continuous Tense Aktif S + has/have + been + V-ing + O Pasif S + has/have + been + being + V3 + … Contoh : A : He has been writing the letter carefully. P : The letter has been being written carefully. A : He has been writing the letters carefully. P : The letters have been being written carefully. 8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense Aktif S + had + been + V-ing + O Pasif S + had + been + being + V3 + … Contoh : A : He had been writing the letter carefully. P : The letter had been being written carefully. A : He had been writing the letters carefully. P : The letters had been being written carefully. 9. Simple Future Tense Aktif S + will/shall +V1 + O Pasif S + will/shall + be + V3 + … Contoh : A : I will write the letter carefully. P : The letter will be written carefully. A : I will write the letters carefully. P : The letters will be written carefully. 10. Past Future Tense Aktif S + would/should +V1 + O Pasif S + would/should + be + V3 + … Contoh : A : I would write the letter carefully. P : The letter would be written carefully. A : I would write the letters carefully. P : The letters would be written carefully. 11. Future Perfect Tense Aktif S + will/shall + have + V3 + O Pasif S + will/shall + have + been + V3 + … Contoh : A : We will have write the letter carefully. P : The letter will have been written carefully. A : We will have write the letters carefully. P : The letters will been written carefully.

contoh tenses

1. Past Tense (Waktu Lampau) a. Simple Past Tense (Waktu Lampau Sederhana) Rumus : (+) S+Be+Was/Were+O/C (-) S+Be+Was/Were+not+O/C (?) Be+Was/Were+ S+O/C Example : (+) We were at school yesterday (-) We were not at school yesterday (?) were we at school yesterday ? For I, He, She, It = Was They, we, you = were Contoh : (+) I saw a good film last night (+) He came here last month (-) I saw not a good film last night (-) He came not last month (?) Saw I a good film last night (?) Came He here last month b. Past Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Lampau) Rumus : (+): S + was/were + Ving (-): S + was/were + NOT + Ving (?): Was/Were + S + Ving Contoh : (+) He was watching television all afternoon last week (+) They were talking about sport when I met him (-) He wasn’t watching television all afternoon last week (-) They weren’t talking about sport when I met him (?) Was He watching television all afternoon last week (?) Were they talking about sport when I met him c. Past Perfect Tense (Waktu Sempurna Lampau) Rumus : (+): S + had + V3 (-): S + had + not + V3 (?): Had + S + V3 Contoh : (+) When my brother arrived , I had painted my motor cycle (+) The ship had left before I arrived (-) When my brother arrived , I hadn’t painted my motor cycle (-) The ship hadn’t left before I arrived (?) Had I my motor cycle , when my brother arrived ? (?) Had the ship left before I arrived? d. Past Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Lampau) Rumus : subject+auxiliary verb HAVE + auxiliary verb BE+main verb Contoh : (+) They had been living there for two month (+) When they washed my drees , your father had been playing badminton (-) They hadn’t been living there for two month (-) When they washed my dress , your father hadn’t been playing badminton (?) Had they been living there for two month? (?) When they washed my dress , had your father been playing badminton ? 2. Past Future Tense a. Past Future Tense (Waktu Akan Datang Di Waktu Lampau) Rumus : (+) Positif: S + would + V1 (-) Negatif: S + would + not + V1 (?) Tanya: Would + S + V1 Contoh : (+) He would come if you invited him. (+) They would buy a home the previous day. (-) He wouldn’t come if invited him. (-) They wouldn’t buy a home the previous day. (?) Would He come if invited him ? (?) Would they buy a home the previous day ? b. Past Future Continuous Tense (Waktu Akan Sedang Terjadi Diwaktu Lampau) Rumus : Positif: S + would + be + Ving Negatif: S + would + not + be + Ving Tanya: Would + S + be + Ving Contoh : (+) I should be swimming at this time the following day. (+) I shall be sliping at 10 o’clock tomorrow. (-) I shouldn’t be swimming at this time the following day. (-) I shalln’t be sleeping at 10 o’clock tomorrow. (?) Shall I be swimming at this time the following day ? (?) Shall I be sleeping at10 o’clock tomorrow ? c. Past Future Perfect Tense (Waktu Akan Sudah Selesai Di Waktu Lampau) Rumus : (+) Positif: S + would + have + V3 (-) Negatif: S + would + not + have + V3 (?) Tanya: Would + S + have + V3 Contoh : (+) He would have graduated if he had studies hard. (+) Nonok will have studied moth by the end of this week. (-) He wouldn’t have gone if he had met his darling (-) Nonok will have not studied month by the end of this week (?) Would He have gone if he had met his darling ? (?) Will Nonok have studied month by the end of this week ? d. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Yang Sudah Sedang Berlangsung Pada Waktu Lampau) Rumus : (+)Positif: S + would + have + been + Ving (-) Negatif: S + would + not + have + been + Ving (?) Tanya: Would + S + have + been + Ving Contoh : Rianawati would have been speaking English for two years (+) Mrs. Anisa Munif would have been walking here for seventeen years (+) Rianawati would have been speaking English for two years (-) Mrs. Anisa Munif wouldn’t have been walking here for seventeen year (-) Rianawati wouldn’t have been speaking English for two years (?) Would Mrs. Anisa Munif have been walking here for seventeen years? (?) Would Rianawati have been speaking English for two years? 3. Present Tense (Waktu Sekarang) a. Simple Present Tense (Waktu Sekarang Sederhana) Rumus : (+) S + V1 + O/C (-) S + Do/does + not + V1 + O/C (?) Do/does + S + V1 + O/C Example : (+) Sisca Reads book everyday (-) Sisca does not Read book everyday (?) does Sisca Read book everyday Yes He does / No He does not (doesn’t) For I, We, You, They = do He, She, It = Does Contoh kalimat : (+) She is a new people here. (+) He plays football every morning (-) She isn’t a new people here. (-) He does not playing football every morning. (?) Is she a new people here? (?) How playing football every morning? b. Present Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sekarang) Rumus : (+) S + Be + V1 + ing + O/C >> (+)They are playing badmintoon now (-) S + Be + not + V1 + ing + O/C >> (-) They are not playing badmintoon now (?) Be + S + V1 + ing + O/C >> (?) Are they palaying badmintoon now ? Yes They are / no they are not For I = am They, we, you = are He, She, It = Is Contoh dalam kalimat : (+) He is playing badminton now (-) He isn’t playing badminton now. (?) Is he playing badminton now. c. Present Perfect Tense (Waktu Sempurna Sekarang) Rumus : subject+auxiliary verb+main verb Contoh : (+) you have eaten mine. (-) she has not been to Rome (?) have you finished d. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Sekarang) Rumus : (+): S + have/has + been + Ving (-): S + have/has + not + been + Ving (?): Have/has + S + been + Ving Contoh : (+) She has been going to Malang since evening. (+) We have been riding a horse for three days (-) She hasn’t been going to Malang since evening. (-) We haven’t been riding a horse for three days. (?) Has she been going to Malang ? (?) Have He been riding a horse for three days ? 4. Future Tense (Akan Datang) a. Simple Future Tense (Waktu Akan Datang Sederhana) Rumus : subject+auxiliary verb WILL+main verb Contoh : (+) I will visit to yogyakarta tomorrow. (+) he will met girl friend by seven o’clock (?) Will he go to America next month? (+) President shall at Nederland the day after tomorrow. (-) President shall not at Nederland the day after tomorrow. (?) Shall President at Nederland the day after tomorrow? b. Future Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Akan Datang) Rumus : subject+auxiliary verb WILL+auxiliary verb BE+main verb Contoh : (+) I will be writing a comic. (+) I will be studying tomorrow night. (-) I will not writing a comic. (-) I will not be studying tomorrow night. (?) Will I be writing a comic ? (?) Will I be studying tomorrow night ? c. Future Perfect Tense (Waktu Sempurna Akan Datang) Rumus : subject+auxiliary verb WILL+auxiliary verb HAVE+main verb Contoh : (+) Iwill havefinishedby 10am. (+) Youwill haveforgottenme by then. (-) Shewillnothavegoneto school. (-) Wewillnothaveleft. (?) Willyou havearrived? (?) Willthey havereceivedit? d. Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Akan Datang) Rumus : subject+auxiliary verb WILL+auxiliary verb HAVE+auxiliary verb BE+main verb Contoh : (+) I will have been reading a news paper. (+) He will have been listening music. (-) I will haven’t been reading a news paper. (-) He will haven’t listening a music. (?) Will I have been riding a news paper ? (?) Will He have listening a music ?